The first light flooded a tsunami in her eyes. She slowly...

The first light flooded a tsunami in her eyes. She slowly opened them in order to minimize the irritation. It was pointless because Dolores had realized it was impossible to avoid another day. All she wanted to do was stay in her warm linen haven of a bed. But, She knew the moment she put her feet down, her whole body would feel the cold shock of the real world. The cold shock ripped through her, but she did not respond nor react, she could not let it win. Walking down the narrow maple-floored corridor, it seemed to chill her bones every time she stepped. The light beckoning from the bedroom bay windows was stationary almost painted in place, unmoving in her presence. She continued on as the house creaked as if about to break but†¦show more content†¦Underneath, in red spray paint there were the almost illegible words screaming: â€Å"TAX THE RICH†. The flagpole was now missing it’s glorious flag and in it’s place, was a pair of non wet sneakers with a muddy tint to them. Dolores closed the GTO’s door gently behind her and walked across the dead patch of brown â€Å"hair†. Mike the cop tipped his hat as he opened the door to the school.. â€Å"How are the kids Mike?† Dolores asked. â€Å"Fine. My oldest son’s first day is tomorrow. I’ll make sure he’s in your class.† He responded with a smile, and how are You? â€Å"Fine!† She thought she felt her nose grow†¦. I’ll keep my eye out for that troublemaker.† She managed a little smile, â€Å"Say hello to Marie for me will you?† â€Å"Will do, See you later Dolores† The metal detector gave a little acceptance buzz as Dolores walked through. The High School hallway had always felt dead of spirit and happiness. Maybe it was the disgusting tiles or the graffiti covered brick walls or even the greasy broken bay windows that stopped the light from shining into the school, and it’s people†¦ there were always the same type of students though...the kind that had known and been consumed by the ghetto all their lives, their hope, just like a couple of lonely pennies rolling around in an empty jar. When her husband had died, inspiring and mentoring these students hadShow MoreRelatedEssay about Dolores Huerta. Women and a Hero1448 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause they picture women as useless objects that should not be taken seriously. You do not hear about many women activists, but there is an abundant amount that actually stepped fourth to alter their community for the ones they care about. Yet Dolores Huerta is a Hispanic female who strived f or improving the rules in regards to the way people treat their employers. There was an abundant amount of Mexican-Americans that were being mistreated and were expected to work long periods of hours in theRead MoreDolores Clara Fernandez Huert An American Labor Leader And Civil Rights Activist1397 Words   |  6 PagesDolores Clara Fernandez Huerta born April 10, 1930 in Dawson, New Mexico is an American labor leader and civil rights activist who was co-founder of the National Farm Workers Association, and later the United Farm workers. Huerta has received many awards and accolades and has remained a role model and voice to many in the Latino community. Huerta had been born to Juan Fernandez and Alicia Chavez; they divorced when Huerta was just three years old. Both Huerta’s parents were active in the rights ofRead MoreDolores Huerta Speech1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe session that I attended was Dolores Huerta speech, which was very interesting. Dolores Huerta was born on April 10, 1930, she is a labor leader and civil rights activist who, along with Cesar Chavez, co-founded the national Farmworkers association, which later became the United Farm Workers (UFW). Huerta has received numerous awards for her community service and advocacy for workers, immigrants, and women’s rights. She is truly a leader, working tirelessly to help the poor and women and childrenRead MoreSummary Of Depression You Say? Check Those Safety Nets 1930 Words   |  8 Pagesthe  coordinator  for voter registration and fought  racial and economic discrimination.  He  and his family moved to Delano, California when he saw that the Organization didn t want to seriously commit to the farm worker’s organization. There he met Dolores Huerta who he would team up with to be founders of the National Farm Workers  Association.  One of the biggest turning points  mentioned by Miriam Pawel, author of   The Union of Their Dreams: Power, Hope, and Struggl e in Cesar Chavez s Farm Worker  MovementRead MoreThe American Dream By Dolores Hayden871 Words   |  4 Pagesof those with means and/or appropriate skin color assisted by policy instruments. With the racial segregation obtained as a byproduct (or maybe product) of the chain of events would summarize the assigned readings in a nutshell. To elaborate from Dolores Hayden’s â€Å"From the Ideal City to the Dream House† the Jeffersonian ideal of democracy favored the model family farm over the model village and this ideal was more widely accepted by the rural Americans over the communitarian socialist towns that wereRead MoreEssay on Bracero Program692 Words   |  3 Pagesbecame a political issue for the Americans. The United States wielded the power of negotiations with both the Mexican government and the Mexican people. Mexico lost all real bargaining power in the 1950’s. Along with opposition from Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, the United States determined that the program was no longer vital to the American’s; it discontinued the program in 1964. Chavez and Huerta fought the program because it undermined American workers and exploited the migrant workers. NothingRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Anthony And Dolores Angelini813 Words   |  4 PagesSummary of Case Business Ethics: Anthony and Dolores Angelini entered into a contract with Lustro Aluminum Products, Inc. (Lustro). Under the contract, Lustro agreed to replace exterior veneer on the Angelini home with Gold Bond Plasticrylic avocado siding. The cash price for the job was $3,600, and the installment plan price was $5,363.40. The Angelinis chose to pay on the installment plan and signed a promissory note as security. The note’s language provided that it would not mature untilRead MoreMexican Independence ( Rough draft ) Have you ever thought of something youre so curious700 Words   |  3 PagesMexico was slightly influence by the country U.S and France as they seek for their Independence. They began to plan or thought about a rebellion against spain. One of the famous people involve in this event was Father Miguel Hidalgo who was from Dolores, Mexico . Father Hidalgo was one of the main leaders in the rallying group of people seeking for Independence against Spain. As time passes by Hidalgo and his people during the year 1810 of late fall Hidalgo and his people were already planning aRead MoreSong, Zombie, by Dolores O’Riordan, American Mind and Documental Born into Brothels1752 Words   |  7 PagesZombie† The song â€Å"Zombie† written by Dolores O’Riordan effectively describes the post-colonial theory, in its subsections; issues on power dynamics, economic issues, and political issues to portray that people’s conscience cannot be silenced. O’Riordan composed â€Å"Zombie† after the bomb blast in Cheshire Ireland during 1993, which killed two innocent children. The bomb was caused by the Irish Republican Army, most commonly known as the IRA which is a militant group that formed in 1916. O’RiordanRead MoreDolores Hayden : A Feminist Critique Of Architecture And Urban History1535 Words   |  7 Pages Dolores Hayden: Dolores Hayden is a professor of architecture and urban history, who’s 1980 essay What Would a Non-Sexist City Be Like? re-imagined the relationship between the suburb and the city. Hayden’s work formed a significant feminist critique of the modern day challenges facing women who had to balance varied responsibilities and navigate inadequately planned cities. Her vision of new urban communities beneficial to women’s activities became a response to the shortcomings of capitalist

Low Cost Carrier Characteristics - 1946 Words

The idea to enter the world of the full cost carriers by low prices isn’t a new one. Already in 1977 Laker Airways founded the â€Å"Sky Train† between London and New York. Even if this service was never successful, more and more low cost carriers were founded during the progress of deregulation and the development of an own low cost strategy began. When we today have a look at the homepages of low cost carriers we cannot but state that nearly all of them are operating successful despite the issues of September 11th in 2001, SARS in 2002 and the war in Iraq in 2003. Southwest for example has shown a positive net income for the period of 1990 to 2002 (Appendix A) and is nr. 5 of America’s most admired companies in 2005 (Homepage). Also Ryan†¦show more content†¦Maintenance: As maintenance costs are a typical economy of scale business it is only possible for full cost carriers to run it cost-effective. Hence low cost carriers mostly outsource their maintenance (Pompl, 2002). But the low cost carriers make strong efforts to find new maintenance concepts that are more appropriate for their needs and even more cost efficient e.g. through cheaper labour costs. As Allan Marking, chief engineer at easyJet says: Im not looking for the minimum maintenance performance, Im looking for the best value where maintenance is an investment in the reliability and longevity of the aeroplane (Pilling, 2004). Labour costs: â€Å" For most airlines wage costs and associated social security and pension payments for staff represent the largest single cost element† (Doganis, 2002, p.115). Appendix C gives an overview of the great differences in average annual remuneration. In the low cost business it is normal to get lower wages by higher duty times for the crews as low cost carriers aim to make the pilots most productive. â€Å"The average Southwest Pilot produced 800 block hours in 2000. In comparison, the average United Airlines’ pilot produced only 54% of the output produced by the average Southwest pilot† (Gillen Lall, 2004, p.44). Despite this fact the staff of Southwest is highly motivated. For instanceShow MoreRelatedNational Airline Market Analysis : The Airline Deregulation Act Of 19781702 Words   |  7 Pagesto this foreign competition and domestic pressures the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 was passed. Deregulation meant the market would be generally fr ee from government controls and operate under free-market principles. By the early 1980s new carriers flooded the market causing an initial drop in fare prices. In this new market Airlines such as Pan American and TWA suffer financially. Many of the large legacy airlines that operated successfully under the guidelines of the Civil Aeronautics BoardRead MoreThe Success Of Delta Team896 Words   |  4 Pagescompete in an industry where profit margins are small and the end product is essentially the same. Because of this, they believe that constant innovation and improvements to operations is the key for success. Delta has built a business around characteristic that other airlines don’t offer and have capitalized on the areas where other airlines need improvements. As they move forward, they will continue to bring innovative thinking to their operations as this model has proven successful in all areasRead MoreAsia Aviation Public Company Limited1001 Words   |  5 Pagessucc ess of the company is due to the low-cost carrier (LCC) business model. Major features of this business model include low service, point to point mode of travel, heavy utilisation of aircraft, ticketless reservation and flexibility in staff services. The airline company has carried 45.6 million passengers across 199 routes to 98 destinations across 17 countries (AirAsia Berhad, 2014). Furthermore, the various other services offered include flight bookings, low fair finder, customised travel, travelRead MoreMarketing Plan for an Airline1254 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity for low cost airlines to emerge. Low cost carriers have been successful satisfying customer’s demand for cheaper fares and reducing labor cost. â€Å"A high quality low-price entry strategy may seem very attractive at first glance. Obviously, an airline, or any startup firm for that matter, is likely to win a market if it can indeed provide a better product for a significantly lower price† (Ben-Yose f, 2005, p.243). Their marketing strategies have been so successful that many of these carriers haveRead MorePricing Strategy Adopted by Regional Airline1355 Words   |  6 Pagesits own characteristics in terms of investments revenues potential, costs, as well as production requirements. The new airline s pricing strategy will also set it apart from the pack and will form a key aspect of its overall marketing strategy. Factors to consider before pricing are: (i) Cost factors: - An airline incurs two types of cost of operations, Fixed and variable. Fixed costs are that of the Aircraft acquisition, Fuel, Staff salaries, Airport charges and infrastructure costs whileRead MoreThe Merger Of U.s. Airways And American Airlines1170 Words   |  5 PagesAirways and American Airlines, most people would now agree we are living in the age of airline oligopoly. Oligopolies form when there’s a state of restricted competition, and new companies cannot break into the industry for reasons like high-entry costs or government restrictions. This is the condition of the airline industry, today. In order to breach the oligopolistic nature of the airline industry, airlines must be able to break through high barriers to entry such as: retaining substantial capitalRead MoreOasis Hong Kong Airlines Limited -1534 Words   |  7 PagesLee †¢ Started operation – Oct 26, 2006 Company Background †¢ 2 routes HK ↔ London (Gatwick) HK ↔ Vancouver Company Background Oasis Hong Kong Airlines Limited †¢ Start of business – 5 aircrafts – 700 staff Competitive Advantage Lower Cost Differentiation †¢ Marketing strategy – Differentiate product by class, price service level – Launch promotion as first marketing initiative – Using a Computer Reservation System – handled all inbound customer calls in a basis of seven days aRead MoreBusiness: Threat of New Entrants1000 Words   |  4 PagesThreat of New Entrants This has a low threat because firms already in the industry have a cost advantage and these companies already have a strong customer base. Economies of Scale †¢ Bigger producers buy more inputs and therefore may get quantity discounts †¢ Boeing is the worlds largest aerospace and defense company †¢ Boeing sells more products in multiple industries so they have the ability to produce each unit at a lower cost than a smaller company would †¢ Delta is the 2nd largest passenger airlineRead MoreBusiness Level Strategy of Airasia2120 Words   |  9 Pagessizes and destinations. Air Asia was founded in 1993. There are now 57 Airbus serving 79 destinations where the passenger load factor in 2011 was 76%. Winning the Skytrax World’s best low-cost airline in the previous three year consecutively, it is well-known for its low-fare under the world’s lowest operating cost. With the increasing fleet size and capacity of seats, the average load factor had once been push up to 80% recently. Its positive performance has brought a strong direction to its futureRead MoreMarketing Analysis of Jetstar and Virgin Blue Airlines Essay3385 Words   |  14 PagesIf customers are not satisfied, they will simply refuse to purchase the service provided and look elsewhere. Major Findings of the report 1.0 Segmentation Virgin Blue and Jetstar both segment towards the leisure market, as they are both low-cost carriers and therefore the leisure market tend to be more price elastic compared to business travelers (Bamber, 2006). However Virgin Blue have introduced several methods to attract to business travelers as well as leisure. For example, ‘velocity frequent

Leadership in Healthcare Human Development Index

Question: Discuss about the Leadership in Healthcarefor Human Development Index. Answer: New Zealand is an island nation with a approximate population of 4.5 million people. It has a publicly funded healthcare system, that has universal coverage provided by non-governmental, public and private sectors. New Zealanders have enjoyed a high standard of life by international standards. Whether it be the Human Development Index (HDI) or a measure of education, GDP per capita and life expectancy New Zealand is standing high on the table. It is based on the Kiwis view that everyone should get a fair go at life. New Zealand healthcare system is only 79 years old which progressed after the Social Security Act in the year 1938. Like other advanced countries New Zealand has experienced numerous changes in its healthcare over the course of a century. The unpredictable nature of health in a dynamic environment can result in numerous challenges(Apekey, 2011). Therefore strong leadership in healthcare and most importantly nursing is needed worldwide. Leadership is a hugely discussed asp ect in the healthcare literature and it is important in the development of professional, clinical, strategic capacity of any profession in the healthcare setting. The task of any leader is to ensure alignment, commitment and direction within organizations and teams. This push in the right direction ensures pride and agreement in people to what their organization is planning to achieve, they support its values, vision and their strategy. (Bryder, 1991). In this essay we would learn about leadership and its impact on the healthcare system of New Zealand. The New Zealand nursing workforce have impacted the healthcare system widely, as it has changed from the 1800s from being independent and unregulated untrained nurses to registered nurses of the mid/late 1900s. In New Zealand history, the work of trained nurses who had participated in the World War 1 and would be always remembered. Before the year 1901 setting controls and fighting for registration was a common plight for nurses. But Elizabeth Grace Neil changed this when she lobbied for the passing of laws asking to train the nurses and to register them. This passage of this Act in the year 1901 was the first Act of the parliament of New Zealand in order to provide registration to nurses. After this New Zealand became the first country to provide registration to nurses formally. Elizabeth Grace Neil was trained in Florence Nightingales ideals and believed that women with board education should only be allowed to train as nurses(Tennant, 1978). According to her The main job of a nurse is to serve others. She was convinced that a uniform system is needed to transform nursing that should include national examination followed by state recognition for the nurses. She played a crucial part in d rafting the Registration Act for the year 1901. This bill ensured that the nurses have to train for 3 years, then give a state examination and later they would be registered by the state. Grace Neil was also solely responsible in implementing the act which was the first registration act for the nurses. She decided the curriculum, appointed the examiners and also designed the medal for every registered nurse. It was recorded that within the first year itself 292 nurses registered and the first one was Grace Neil herself. While this bill solved many issues with the nursing profession but still midwifery was not involved in it(Al-Gasseer Persaud, 2003). She realized how it is imperative that similar act was passed for the midwifery profession as well. She started promoting an identical act for the midwives but the implementation process of the midwives Act 1904 was complex. The reason for this complexity was that the institutions that provided formal training for midwifery were limite d. There she faced the adversity of limited sources for formal training. She not only had to create a curriculum but along with that she had to set up maternity hospitals where the midwives could be trained. During last two years of her inspectorate at the St Helens hospitals, she decided that the hospital was meant for respectable wives of the working men. These women could not afford private maternity care but could easily pay a moderate fee. In these hospitals single women and medical students were not allowed as it was seen as a undermining factor for the hospital. She had no pity for the single destitute women as she herself was a widow raising a son. Grace was aiming to set up hospitals that were managed by women with women doctors. There she faced persistent opposition from the male doctors that saw this step as threat to their income and also to their family health. Finally in the year 1904 Midwives Registration Act was introduced by Richard Seddon. All her efforts were not always praised but many of her efforts met with all over criticism. Mainly her step to choose hospital buildings quickly for the midwifery and nursing training. Many people complained that these buildings, that were chosen for this purpose were not suitable and were very old. Her sole purpose was to protect the profession of nursing from unqualified people who were mal-practicing. She displayed all characteristics of an effective leader who emphasize a high quality, safe and compassionate care as their top priority. It was in the 1800s that nursing began in New Zealand. It was in the year 1850, that the first hospital was set up in Auckland. These hospitals included basic cottages run by unskilled and untrained women who were sometimes not more than servants. These hospitals were where the patients were treating patients. These hospitals did not even use disinfectant and were not clean. It was only in the year 1883 that trained and skilled nurses replaced the unskilled and untrained nurses. The Florence Nightingales approach was adopted by the nurses which made them realize that they have to maintain cleanliness and should have some training(Selanders, 2012). Lectures were provided to the nurses by the year 1888 in a twelve month training after which they had to clear an exam. It was in the year 1901 that the Nurses Registration Act was passed that enabled the nurses to get registered(Macdonald, 1991). Firstly only the female nurses worked in the female wards but later they were asked to work in the male wards as it was noticed that they had a soothing, healing and settling effect all the patients irrespective of gender(Schultz, 1992). This was the period of registration and proper training which also highlighted how nurses should have a uniform. In the year 1906 the New Private Hospital Act was passed that had put the hospitals in supervision of the Hospital Department(P., 2001), (R, 2001). Through this act it was monitored that a certain amount of registered midwives, registered nurses and certain number of beds are maintained in every hospital. During this period the new concept of public and social services was extended in which it was realized that prevention is better than cure.(Roth, 1985) In the year 1907 the first baby hospital and diabetic training center for infant welfare nurses was set up, that introduced nurses to a new role where they would visit homes and instruct mothers as how to take care of their babies. In the year 1913 the nurses from Army Nursing ser vice were sent in the war. It was only in the year 1917 that nurses that were trained and registered visited kids at school to check whether their treatment is going as planned. In the year 1934 the New Zealand Trained Nurses Association was changed to New Zealand Registered Nurses Association until the year 1971. (J. Godden, 1993)Gradually the training for nursing changed in the 1960s when they have to train for 3 years in a hospital. In the 1970s a registered nurse supervised the student nurses(P, 2001). It was also in this decade that the nursing training that was hospital based, was changed to university based courses. Where nursing students undertook self-directed learning and also problem based learning. Currently nursing students undertake a 3 year bachelor degree that has fifty percent of theory and fifty percent of practical knowledge. These graduates can further select specific areas for their postgraduate studies such as management, gerontology and leadership. These nurse s then apply to New Zealand Nursing Council for the practicing certificate. As nurse practitioners these registered nurses have to study more in the field of their choice before they would be allowed to practiced. This history shows how nursing has changed from those basic cottage hospitals to systemized healthcare. (McKimm, 2009) James McGregor Burns introduced the Transformational leadership theory. This theory is defined in which a leader and his subordinates or followers help one another to climb a higher level with the use of morality and motivation. Bernard M. Bass further developed this theory in his book titled Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. In his book he explained that this is a model of fairness and integrity. Leaders set clear goals, and set high expectations. They encourage others and provide recognition and support. They motivate others by stirring the emotions in them and encourage others to view past their self-interest. These kind of leaders inspire bonding, trust and loyalty in their team and followers. They inspire others to reach their goals and have high expectations.(Bass, 2003) Their vision is clear and motivate others to deliver the vision. They manage to develop trust based relationships. Transactional leadership is about the view that assumes that employees can be mo tivated by punishment and rewards. In this leadership theory the interest of the organization and that of the leader is above everything else. In this type of leadership there is a clear chain of command. When employees agree to do a job they cede all authority they hold to their manager. A transactional leader creates clear structures of what is required by his subordinates. If an employee agrees to do some work they are completely responsible for it. Failure to do so would result in punishment and some kind of corrective measure. This type of leadership theory has a selling style. It has some limitations as well as it is based on the assumption of a rational man thinking which states that people will always be motivated by rewards. In the end of the 1960s Dr Paul Hersey formed the situational leadership model that states that leaders possess or demonstrate four competencies that are they first diagnose or understand the situation, next they adapt in response to their surroundings, later they communicate with their team members and lastly they advance and manage the outcome. These leaders maintain an acute awareness and have motivating conversations with their employees. They have a skillful influence across their organization that develop committed and engaged employees. Transformational leadership theory is the most important and influencial theory in the healthcare leadership research. Wong along with his colleagues (2013) in his review clearly mentioned that out of nine studies six stated that transactional leaders are the most successful(Wong, 2013). Gilmartin and DAunno in the year 2007 examined healthcare research from the year 1989 to 2005 in their systematic review(Gilmartin, 2007). They concluded that studies in healthcare show that transformational leadership is directly related to staff satisfaction, team and unit performance, turnover intentions and organizational climate. They also included that these effects were reported more strongly in junior staff in comparison to the senior staff. Benefits from the use of transformational leadership have included better work life balance, positive nursing outcomes, better error reporting, patient satisfaction, staff satisfaction and patient safety. They also noticed that vast majority of research w as conducted on nurse managers and nurses. According to their review nurses always preferred managers that were emotionally intelligent, participative, and facilitative. These qualities in a manager was linked to high empowerment, lower stress levels, self-efficacy and team cohesion. Nurse leaders should be power sharing, flexible, and collaborative. They should demonstrate high personal values in order to promote quality performance in their subordinates. Meulemans, Van de Heyning, Van Bogaert, Clarke, and Roelant, (2010) studied about nursing environment and job burnouts that affected the quality of care for the patients(Van Bogaert, 2010). They concluded that nursing management was positively related to the staff satisfaction and perceived quality of care. They also found relationship between medication errors, turnover intention, staff burnout and wellbeing of the staff. Ducharme and Cummings in the year 2013 found a relationship between nurse leadership style and medication err or as well as mortality levels. Guneri, Gunay, Arabay and Karilnli (2008) examined the relationships between nurse managers and their staff using the leader member exchange theory(Katrinli, 2008). They also used nurse organizational identification, and job involvement as factors relating to the relationship between the staff and nurse leader. It was noted that when nurse leaders involved nurses in decision making there was a high levels of job performances and organizational identification. All these researchers have proved that empowerment bring quality improvement in a healthcare setting. Empowerment is a key factor in transformational leadership. As transformational leaders encourage others and provide recognition and support(Kim, 2012). This theory goes beyond the traditional style of leadership that involves group performance, supervision and organization. This theory focuses on the fact that people will work more effectively if they can sense a goal or mission. The leaders com municate their goals and vision to their staff and motivate them in a way that makes the goal exciting and meaningful. This gives the goal a collective and meaningful purpose. The current healthcare setting has been derived from the influence of many models, theories and cases. (McAlearney, 2008) Training, education, and role development for nursing staff and healthcare professionals have the potential to influence service delivery and patient care. Collaborative practice, investment, recognition and equal partnership in a competent and skilled workforce is the key for better future in healthcare. In New Zealand reforms in health have to take into consideration the leadership over the disability system and health. Government have to take into consideration the impact of healthcare workforce and especially nursing on healthcare and quality of care is always significant. The healthcare in New Zealand has gone through major changes since the time of the basic cottages run by untrained women who were sometimes a little more than domestic servants. Contributions from people like Grace Neil have woven a system that has reported a decrease in the traditional clinical autonomy. Now clinical leadership has shaped in building a necessary culture of collaboration that converges the clin ical values along with the corporate culture. Through these researches and studies we can denote that there is a clear need to develop clinical leadership along with managerial leadership including to set up centers that promote health leadership. There is also a constant need to develop an evaluation strategy in health leadership development. Actions are required to address the clinical quality and it can be achieved when initiatives are applied at a wider area in the system. To perform at a high standard the healthcare system requires more than skilled workforce they require a shared view and an overall purpose that combines with effective ways of working. This could be achieved with proper leadership skills as theories like transformational leadership can really help in further strengthening our healthcare system. Leaders like Grace Neil ensure that they offer empathic, empowering, fair, respectful, and supportive leadership. They ensure that the voice of the staff is heard and a cted upon in the organization which provides practical support to the staff. References Al-Gasseer Persaud, V. (2003). Measuring progress in nursing and midwifery globally . Journal of Nursing Scholarship , 309-315. Apekey, T. A. (2011). Room for improvement? Leadership,innovation culture and uptake of quality improvement methods in general practice. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 311. Bass, B. M. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 207. Gilmartin, M. J. (2007). Leadership Research in Healthcare: A Review and Roadmap. The Academy of Management Annals, 387-438. Godden, G. C. (1993). The decline of Myths and Myopia? The use and abuse of Nursing History , 27-34. Katrinli, A. A. (2008). Leadermember exchange, organizational identification and the mediating role of job involvement for nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 354-362. Kim, Y. .-B. (2012). The Role of Leadership in Learning Culture and Patient Safety. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 151175. L, B. (1991). A Healthy Country: Essays on the Social History of Medicine in New Zealand. Wellington: Bridget William Books. Macdonald, C. (1991). The Book of New Zealand Women. Wellington, New Zealand: Bridget Williams Books. McAlearney, A. (2008). Using leadership development programs to improve quality and efficiency in healthcare. Journal of Healthcare Management, 319-331. McKimm, J. R. (2009). Developing medical leadership: a comparative review of approaches in the UK and New Zealand. The International Journal of Leadership in Public Services, 10-23. P, W. (2001). Nursing history: a shift in education In: Nursing New Zealand Centenary Souvenir: 1901 2001. Wellington: Nursing Council of New Zealand. P., F. (2001). A study of the regulation of nursing in New Zealand 1901 - 1997. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. R, G. (2001). Formation of the New Zealand health care system (1840-1970s. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. Roth, M. (1985). "Archives:Association of Women Teachers in 1901". Women Studies Journal , 93-108. Schultz, J. (1992). The Inhospitable Hospital:Gender and Professionalism in Civil War Medicine . Signs, 363-392. Selanders, L. C. (2012). "The Voice of Florence Nightingale on Advocacy". OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing , 23-44. Tennant, M. (1978). 'Mrs Grace Neill in the Department of Asylums, Hospitals and Charitable Institutions. New Zealand Journal of History , 3-16. Van Bogaert, P. C. (2010). Impacts of unit-level nurse practice environment and burnout on nurse-reported outcomes: a multilevel modelling approach. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 166474. Wong, C. A. (2013). Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 94759.

Prisoners Of War Essays - Aftermath Of War, Prisoner Of War, Warfare

Prisoners Of War Dear: The International Red Cross I am writing a letter to you today to mention how the prisoners of war were treated throughout the second world war. If you have never been a Prisoner of War (POW), you are extremely lucky. The prisoners of war during the World War II, (1939-1945) were treated poorly with no respect or consideration and were given the living conditions worse than animals. It was an extremely bad situation that no human being could survive. They were mistreated, manhandled, beat and even shot defending their country. No one wanted to go to war, but for those men who did, and for those who survived as POWs will always regret it. The Prisoners of War were kept in concentration camps, where it was day to day constant dying and suffering and separation of the family with unconditional weather. 1 They had no real shelter, and kept busy by working, and the odd time even got a chance to play baseball, soccer or some athletic game to stay in shape. 2 They were surrounded by twenty-four hour guard surveillance in the middle of nowhere, so it would be quite useless to attempt to escape, especially at the risk of being gunned down at any given time. The POW were always having to turn their back and keep an eye out for one another. They were considered to be "hostages" and were treated like the enemy. The concentration camps were not very large but were numerous. They contained about 500-600 warriors and were divided into groups of under sixteen, older than sixteen, and of course by gender (Male and Female). 3 This caused many problems with the POWs as they were split from their families, and in a lot of cases, never saw one another again. The Prisoners of War were killed by the hundreds as malnutrition and hygiene eventually caught up with them. They were put to work for lengthy periods of time, and we treated harshly for volunteering to go to war. Once caught, they were taken and placed in a camp, and it was the beginning of the end for the ally. It is not like a prisoner in today's society. The prisoners had to live with leftover scraps of food, dirty water, and no hope of exiting, plus the constant shooting. They were not prisoner whom had committed a crime, rather brave warriors whom stood up to defend us. 4 It is a life no one wants to encounter, and we pray no one does, and we remember how they were abused and how they suffered to protect us. This special day is called Remembrance Day and is celebrated the eleventh day of the eleventh month. BIBLIOGRAPHY WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol VIII. 940.53 WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners of War" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol III. 940.53 WORLD WAR II, "Prisoners of War" Marshall Cavendish Ltd, New York, Vol X. 940.53 Gosselin, Luc. PRISONS IN CANADA, Montreal, Quebec: Black Rose Books, 1982 _______________________________ 1. GOSSELIN, LUC Prisoners In Canada (Montreal: Black Rose Books Ltd, 1982) p. 47 2. World War II. "Prisoners of War" Vol III, page 2196 3. WORLD WAR II. "Prisoners" Vol VIII. page 2208 4. WORLD WAR II "Prisoners of War" Vol X. page 2787

History of the Pharisees in Christianity

History of the Pharisees in Christianity Much of what is known about the Pharisees arguably comes from Biblical sources, specifically from the Christian tradition. There were many instances in the Gospels when Jesus was confronted by the Pharisees and vice versa. For the Pharisees, the â€Å"meticulous observance of the Torah and its commandments †¦ reflects the highest form of divine service.†1 From this perspective the self-righteous stance of the Pharisees is very much evident and it is contrasted with the humility exhibited by the common people of that era.2Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of the Pharisees in Christianity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Pharisees are hated and reviled by those who condemn a narrow-minded approach to applying traditions. But a close examination of their history and belief system will reveal that they are not evil people and that they have many things in common with religious conservative s of today. There are those who may read the Christian Bible and make the conclusion that the Pharisees were the top religious party when it comes to Judaism but there are those who argue that this group were simply one of the several sects â€Å"each of limited membership, competing for the attention of the unaffiliated majority.†3 Nevertheless, a conservative assessment of the extent of their power and influence had to give way to the realization that the Pharisees were â€Å"the largest and ultimately most influential of all the sects present during the 1st century.4 Nevertheless, the group’s rise to prominence was due in part to the spirit of the times when the masses wanted to break free from the oppression of the Roman Empire and the lack of satisfaction they felt with their religion. Furthermore, scholars like Smith pointed out the necessity of entrusting the Jewish population to the control of the Pharisees after the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD also expl ains their rise to power even after the time of Christ.5 Thus, it can be argued that the religious and political party of the Sadducees was established first. Afterwards the Pharisees came into the picture in the hopes of instituting reforms in Jewish society. They strengthened their position so that they were able to overshadow the Sadducees in later years so much so that â€Å"the active period of Pharasaism, the most influential movement in the development of Orthodox Judaism, extended well into the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.6 But during time of Christ the Pharisees were on equal footing with the Sadducees. If the politics of 1st century Jewish society can be reduced to two dominant parties then the Sadducees and the Pharisees takes the top two positions.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Before going any further it is important to pinpoint the early begin nings of Pharisaism and the emergence of the Pharisees. There are scholars who believe that the rise of the Pharisees can be traced back to the return of the Judean exiles from Babylon.7 It was during this period when the Pentateuch was canonized.8 The breakaway group was steadily formed when certain Jews lament the fact that not all the laws practiced by before the Babylonian captivity were included in the Pentateuch. The Sadducees – the political party of the high priesthood – cannot accept any teaching or rule that cannot be found in the Pentateuch or the written law.9 It is easy to understand why the Sadducees would not give in because in their mind, traditions and the written code are the basis for any action or decision-making process. There is stability to traditions and there is a level of certainty when one adheres to something that has been in use for hundreds of years. In other words the Sadducees founded their belief system on the written law while the Phar isees wanted to expand the scope to include both written and oral laws. The Sadducees are in a formidable position because they can point to Moses as the giver of laws. Furthermore, the written law that they have covers a broad spectrum of social, religious and moral issues. The Pharisees, however, insisted that the oral laws are as important as the written laws because the oral laws clearly explain the spirit of the law. The Pharisees did not conjure these ideas out of thin air; using the written law they were able to prove that indeed oral laws must be used side-by-side with the written law. Consider the following examples: In the book of Jeremiah it is stated that when the prophet bought a field from Hanamel he wrote a deed in the presence of witnesses who affixed their signatures. There is no mention in the Pentateuch of the requirement of a deed and witness in the transfer of a real property. In the book of II Kings we learn that if a man did not pay his debts his creditors had the right to take him into servitude. If he died and left the debt unpaid the creditor could enslave his children †¦ it is stated in the book of Haggai that God told the prophet to examine the priests on the laws of sanctity and impurity. These two laws are not found in the Pentateuch.10 The examples given provide a clear overview as to why the Pharisees insisted on the importance of the oral laws and to be respected as having equal importance as the written law. If the oral laws that were found in the book of Jeremiah, II Kings and Haggai are indeed part of a collection of oral laws that was intentionally lost after the canonization of the Pentateuch, then there is good reason for the emergence of the Pharisees. The examples given cover social and religious aspects of Jewish life.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on History of the Pharisees in Christianity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore it ca n be argued that without the aid of oral laws the Jews would then have to contend with their present situation using laws that are antiquated because these were established during the time of Moses and several centuries removed from the circumstances surrounding 1st century Judaism. It does not mean that the written law was not able to resolve many of the problems of Jewish contemporary society but a close examination of the oral laws mentioned earlier reveals the importance of oral laws when it comes to providing information to correctly interpret the Pentateuch and helps in the application of the written law. Consider for instance the circumstances surrounding Judea during the time of Christ. It was vastly different from the circumstances that surrounded Moses and his mission to rescue slaves from Egypt and bring them to their ultimate destination. In the first century AD the Jews had to contend with an occupying force that threatened to transform their religion and culture with a n equally powerful force which was the Greco-Roman culture. Based on the historical background provided it is now easier to understand why the Pharisees had to form another religious party to oppose the Sadducees. In a time of national crisis, it was imperative to have a clear and full understanding of the law. The Pharisees believed that it can only be achieved if the Jews study both the written and oral laws. In other words the Sadducees view the Pentateuch as a core foundation that every legal and moral statute can be hinged on. The Pharisees on the other hand sees it differently, in their opinion it is an incomplete set of laws and without the balancing effect of the second part (oral laws) they can never be assured that they are truly obedient to the laws of God. The Pharisees’ insistence for Jews to observe oral laws goes beyond the need to deal with the contemporary society. In the book of Haggai and oral law regarding purification and impurity was mentioned. If one on ly values the Pentateuch then it is easy to forget the statute embedded in the book of Haggai because it is not found in the written law. However, the issue mentioned there is of grave importance to the Pharisees because it talks about purity. In other words the Pharisees could never feel the assurance that they have carefully observed the laws of God if they will only rely on the written law. They needed both.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion For many people the Pharisees are nothing more than religious fanatics. Their many confrontations with Jesus Christ revealed the dark side of this particular religious party. But upon closer examination of the historical data, one tends to agree that the Pharisees simply wanted to obey the laws of God. Their insistence to observe both the written and oral law is not based on the desire to create something new. They contended that contemporary society has to be guided by oral laws and the written law. The oral laws provide insight into the application of written law. But more importantly the Pharisees believed that Jews cannot have the assurance that they have carefully observed the laws of God if they neglect the oral laws. Bibliography Cadbury, Henry. â€Å"Review: Christianity’s Treatment of the Pharisees.† The Journal of Religion 9 no. 2 (1929): 299-302. Goodblatt, D. â€Å"The Place of the Pharisees in First Century Judaism: The State of the Debate.â₠¬  Journal for the Study of Judaism 20 no. 1 (2004): 12-30. Skeel Jr., David. â€Å"What were Jesus and the Pharisees Talking About when they talked about the Law?† Journal of Law and Religion 23 no.1 (2007): 141-146. Pharisee, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pharisee Zeitlin, Solomon. â€Å"The Pharisees: A Historical Study.† The Jewish Quarterly Review 52 no.2 (1961): 97-129. Footnotes 1 David Skeel, Jr., â€Å"What were Jesus and the Pharisees Talking About when they talked about the Law?† Journal of Law and Religion 23 no.1 (2007): 141. 2 Henry Cadbury, â€Å"Review: Christianity’s Treatment of the Pharisees,† The Journal of Religion 9 no. 2 (1929): 300. 3 D. Goodblatt, â€Å"The Place of the Pharisees in First Century Judaism: The State of the Debate,† Journal for the Study of Judaism 20 no. 1 (2004): 13. 4 Goodblatt, 13 5 Ibid. 6 â€Å"Pharisee,† Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011 7 Ibid. 8 Solomon Zeitlin, â€Å"The Pharisees: A Historical Study,† The Jewish Quarterly Review 52 no.2 (1961): 100 9 Pharisee. 10 Zeitlin, 100

The Timeline for the End of the Roman Republic

The Timeline for the End of the Roman Republic This  timeline uses the Gracchi brothers attempt at reform as the starting point and ends when the Republic has given way to the Empire as evidenced by the rise of the first Roman emperor. The Gracchi brothers were  Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus. The two  of them were politicians who represented the commoners in the Roman government. The brothers were progressive activists interested in land reforms to benefit the poor. In the 2nd century B.C,  the two  of them  tried to reform Romes social and political structure to help the lower classes.  Events surrounding the politics of the Gracchi led to the decline and eventual fall of the Roman Republic. Overlaps in Roman History Since beginnings and ends overlap, the final entries of this timeline could also be looked at as the beginning of the succeeding era of Roman history, the Imperial period. The beginning of the final period of Republican Rome likewise overlaps the middle of the Roman Republican period. The  End of the Roman Republic   133 B.C. Tiberius Gracchus tribune 123 - 122 B.C. Gaius Gracchus tribune 111 - 105 B.C. Jugurthine War 104 - 100 B.C. Marius consul. 90 - 88 B.C. Social War 88 B.C. Sulla and the First Mithridatic War 88 B.C. Sullas march on Rome with his army. 82 B.C. Sulla becomes dictator 71 B.C. Crassus crushes Spartacus 71 B.C. Pompey defeats Sertorius' rebellion in Spain 70 B.C. Consulship of Crassus and Pompey 63 B.C. Pompey defeats Mithridates 60 B.C. First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar 58 - 50 B.C. Caesar conquers Gaul 53 B.C. Crassus killed in (battle) of Carrhae 49 B.C. Caesar crosses the Rubicon 48 B.C. Pharsalus (battle); Pompey killed in Egypt 46 - 44 B.C. Caesars dictatorship 44 B.C. End of Civil War 43 B.C. Second Triumvirate: Marc Antony, Lepidus, Octavian 42 B.C. Philippi (battle) 36 B.C. Naulochus (battle) 31 B.C. Actium (battle) 27 B.C. Octavian emperor

Grow and development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Grow and development - Essay Example The relationship between a parent and child is essential during this period because as an individual shifts from the role of dependent to assume the role of an adult, the dynamics of the family changes. Therefore, parents should accept the status of their child as an adult. Another important feature of this period is that young adults normally develop the feeling of self-definition and lost-identity (Arnett, 2006). Due to this, majority of young adult tend to obtain their self-identity and worth via external success. Emerging adulthood is characterized by age of many possibilities in that they have a conviction that they have good opportunities to live good lives than their parents did. Emerging adulthood is different from adolescent stage in the sense that during adolescence phase, teenagers need to develop personal identity. In this phase, success will always lead to the capability to stay true to oneself while failure is feared because it is linked with lack of self-identity and role confusion. Contrary, emerging adults have a strong sense of self-identity in that they need to establish loving and intimate relationships with those people around them. Further, success in their careers leads to feeling of hope of bright future while failure is associated with isolation and loneliness (Arnett, 2006). During physical development, young and emerging adults face shift in the shape of their bodies and brain structure that is responsible for roles such as planning, self-control, and judgment. Physical changes that take place affect major changes in cognitive and social attainment. The main tasks during the physical developmental stage are how to manage the changes that occur and their influence on subsequent social relationships and behaviors (Arnett, 2006). Cognitive development helps young adults to develop into responsible people in managing their lives. For instance, they are in a position to manage their problems and education

Just War Theory Concept Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Just War Theory Concept - Case Study Example Just war defines war as a situation where parties have to fight back based on various conditions. This includes having a just cause. This means that parties need to have just reasons for going to war. (DeForrest, 1997) Throughout history, human beings have continued to engage in war at different times for different reasons. Human beings have used war as a method of solving conflicts, yet, at the same time, war has been condemned by human beings as unnecessary. Accordingly, though the war has been a continued to be part of human history, human beings have always tried to reduce the extent of war by which the war may be fought. (DeForrest, 1997) Over the past, the question of when is war "justified" and which methods are suitable for a war has raised a vast deal of assessment. The great examination of the question has lead to the concept of just war to try and explain the when military action is justified. Just war theory has been accepted in many countries as the way in which just war may be determined. According to Wells (1996) he argues that war is justified if it is fought in reaction to aggression. The aggression can be directed to another state or towards a region of another state, threatening the political independence of that particular state. Despite the diverse sources in the formulation of just war theory, it basically has two basic major issues in regard to legitimizing a war. The first basic issue termed as "jus ad bellum" a Latin term meaning right or just to resort to war, which relates to when it is proper to get engaged in war. The second fundamental issue, jus de Bello determines the justified methods of warfare within a war.

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Essay Advantages and Disadvantages of the Experimental Design Advantages: * As well as controlling the independent variable the experimenter attempts to eliminate unwanted extraneous variables. * Control over extraneous variables is usually greater than in other research methods. * Experimental design involves manipulating the independent variable to observe the effect on the dependent variable. This makes it possible to determine a cause and effect relationship. Because of strict conditions and control the experimenter can set up the experiment again and repeat or ‘check’ their results. Replication is very important as when similar results are obtained this gives greater confidence in the results. Disadvantages: * Elimination of extraneous variables is not always possible. * Experimental situation may not relate to the real world. * It may be unethical or impossible to randomly assign people to groups. Eg. : Unethical to deliberately deprive children of sleep. * Impossible (expensive) to observe ‘jetlag’ by sending people on world trips. * Unethical to experiment on forms of punishment on children by subjecting them to punishment. * Advantages and Diadvantages of the Quantitative Observational Design. Advantages: * Quantitative observational designs allow variables to be investigated that would be unethical, impossible or too costly under an experimental design. Some kinds of behaviour can only be observed in a naturalistic setting. Disadvantages: * Cannot infer such a strong cause and effect relationship because there is or greater chance of other variables affecting the results. This is due to the lack of random assignment to groups. * Cannot replicate the findings as the same situation will not occur naturally again. * Quantitative Observational does not allow generalisation of findings to the general population. * Observer bias may influence the results.

Advertising: Information or Manipulation? Essay -- Marketing Business

Advertising: Information or Manipulation? In today’s difficult economy who can afford to spend their hard-earned money carelessly? Americans want good quality and low prices, and businesses that advertise their product make saving money possible. Advertising was created for one reason, so businesses could make known their product (Black, Hashimzade, and Myles). Some consumers may argue that advertising is not informative, but that it is manipulative because some advertisements make false claims. Fortunately, there are regulations and consumer rights that promote truth in advertising. Consumers must embrace their rights to keep advertising the way it is meant to be. Advertising is meant to be informative and not manipulative, and consumers play a great role in promoting truth in advertising. Advertising in America was created when businesses wanted to attract customers by providing information about their product or service (Black, Hashimzade, and Myles). Advertising has been used for many centuries, and was even used during the American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783. Businesses used different advertising techniques such as posters and signs to provide consumers with information about their products, and to persuade them to buy American. Before the war, Americans received their goods on ships from England. The American colonies won the war and became the United States of America. Now it was important for Americans to build a strong American economy (Milton 9). Even today American’s are partial to anything that says, â€Å"Made in America.† The economy thrives because of consumerism, so if advertising brings in more businesses than Americans benefit as well. Americans continue to benefit from the use of product and s... ...dleton, Kent R., Robert Trager, and Bill F. Chamberlain. The Law of Public Communication. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2002. 299-341. Print. Milton, Bess. Advertising. New York: Children’s Press, 2004. 9. Print. Mitra, Anu, Mary Anne Raymond, and Christopher D. Hopkins. â€Å"Can Consumers Recognize Misleading Content in a Media Rich Online Environment?.† Psychology & Marketing 25.7 (2008): 655-674. Business Source Complete. ESBCO. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. pdfviewer?vid=4&hid=13&sid=6735641b-1986-4a51-857c-c7676ec5d556%40sessionmgr12>. NAD Review. The Advertising Industry’s Process of Self-Regulation. Council of Better Business Bureaus. 08 Mar. 2010. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"The Pepsi Cola Story.† Pepsi. PepsiCo, n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. . Advertising: Information or Manipulation? Essay -- Marketing Business Advertising: Information or Manipulation? In today’s difficult economy who can afford to spend their hard-earned money carelessly? Americans want good quality and low prices, and businesses that advertise their product make saving money possible. Advertising was created for one reason, so businesses could make known their product (Black, Hashimzade, and Myles). Some consumers may argue that advertising is not informative, but that it is manipulative because some advertisements make false claims. Fortunately, there are regulations and consumer rights that promote truth in advertising. Consumers must embrace their rights to keep advertising the way it is meant to be. Advertising is meant to be informative and not manipulative, and consumers play a great role in promoting truth in advertising. Advertising in America was created when businesses wanted to attract customers by providing information about their product or service (Black, Hashimzade, and Myles). Advertising has been used for many centuries, and was even used during the American Revolutionary War, 1775-1783. Businesses used different advertising techniques such as posters and signs to provide consumers with information about their products, and to persuade them to buy American. Before the war, Americans received their goods on ships from England. The American colonies won the war and became the United States of America. Now it was important for Americans to build a strong American economy (Milton 9). Even today American’s are partial to anything that says, â€Å"Made in America.† The economy thrives because of consumerism, so if advertising brings in more businesses than Americans benefit as well. Americans continue to benefit from the use of product and s... ...dleton, Kent R., Robert Trager, and Bill F. Chamberlain. The Law of Public Communication. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2002. 299-341. Print. Milton, Bess. Advertising. New York: Children’s Press, 2004. 9. Print. Mitra, Anu, Mary Anne Raymond, and Christopher D. Hopkins. â€Å"Can Consumers Recognize Misleading Content in a Media Rich Online Environment?.† Psychology & Marketing 25.7 (2008): 655-674. Business Source Complete. ESBCO. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. pdfviewer?vid=4&hid=13&sid=6735641b-1986-4a51-857c-c7676ec5d556%40sessionmgr12>. NAD Review. The Advertising Industry’s Process of Self-Regulation. Council of Better Business Bureaus. 08 Mar. 2010. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. . â€Å"The Pepsi Cola Story.† Pepsi. PepsiCo, n.d. Web. 15 Oct. 2010. .

Reflections on ‘How To Think Like Leonardo da Vinci’

After reading the 322 page How To Think Like Leonardo da Vinci book written by Michael Gelb, I felt a new world of insights rush into me.   I fell into an in-depth appreciation of Leonardo da Vinci’s genius!Although many critics say that Leonardo da Vinci was a failure particularly due to the fact that a lot of his works were left unfinished, I believe otherwise.   He was a great man who attempted to delve into a multitude of fields.He was an architect, sculptor, painter, inventor, tactician and strategist, mathematician, and a scientist, but only to mention some.   His ideas were truly far beyond his time, and if only his ideas were properly publicized it would have made a greater impact earlier on in history.I realized that in each of us lies the potential to be a genius.   To quote the author, ‘the human mind is more powerful than we think it is.’   As an art teacher, this perspective in dealing with students is important in order to fully cultivate, as well as appreciate, the students’ potentials.The Seven Da Vincian Principles were enlightening.   Through the exercises provided to develop each principle, I was able to get in touch with myself again, my beliefs, my dreams, and in the process of being connected with myself, I was given a chance to view my career as an art teacher in a refreshing perspective.The Seven Da Vincian Principles:CuriositaCuriosita is an insatiably curious approach, and this continuous quest for learning is the powerhouse of the Da Vincian spirit.   I realized how important it is to always ask why, why, and why.   Following the exercise, and after listing down questions that are significant to me and contemplating on them, I realized I have a lot I want to learn, and a lot I still want to understand.   I was once again contemplating the meaning of life.In the study of art, I believe the spirit of curiosita is important in the quest to improve one’s skills.   I thought about some questions.   What is aesthetically pleasing?   Why?   And most importantly, how can I make art that is truly aesthetically pleasing?DimostrazioneDimostrazione is a commitment to test knowledge through experience, persistence, and a willingness to learn from mistakes.   The exercises in this section led me to recheck my beliefs, why I believed them, and whether they are valid or not.   Are those beliefs truly mine, or are they simply influenced upon me by society?   Are these beliefs actually wrong?   For that matter, are the standards I have for measuring art truly mine or merely dictated upon me, are they truly the best standards to measure art?   These are the questions that were brought to me.SenzazioneSensazione is the continual refinement of the senses as the means to enliven experience.   Leonardo stated that the average human ‘looks without seeing, listens without hearing, touches without feeling, eats without tasting, moves without physical awareness, inhales without awareness of odour or fragrance, and talks without thinking' and I believe that this is true, to some extent, it even applies to myself.   The exercises here provided a very enjoyable experience.   In this section of the book, it is shown how important it is to be aware of the minute details that our senses tell me—the feel of clothes against my skin, the taste of something really delectable melting in my mouth, the soft sound of heartbeat in my ears.   Beauty can be found in such experience, though how simple the experience may be.   It is from the appreciation of such experience that wonderful ideas of art can come from.   I especially enjoyed delving into the exercise of answering the question ‘if you could bite into the music, what would it taste like?’   as this tries to express one type of sense in terms of another.SfumatoSfumato develops a willingness to embrace ambiguity, paradox, and uncertainty.   Sfumato literally means à ¢â‚¬Å"turn to mist†, which describes the hazy quality of paintings of Leonardo.   From here, I learned that it uncertainty is not necessarily a negative aspect.   In fact, it can be used to enhance art, as Leonardo did.It was in this section that Gelb mentioned how Leonardo would spend his day apparently doing nothing, instead of painting what was tasked to him.   In Leonardo’s words, ‘the greatest geniuses sometimes accomplish more when they work less.'   This is called incubation, and I believe this is true as I have also experienced something similar.   Incubation is most effective when alternating, as Leonardo did, between periods of intense focused work and rest.   Without periods of intense focused work, there is nothing to be incubated.Arte/ScienzaArte/Scienza is whole brain thinking, and the development of the balance between science and art, logic and imagination.   It is important not only to explore the art, but also to learn the science b ehind the art.   Thus, development should not only be in the side of creativity, but also on the side of logic.CorporalitaCorporalita is the cultivation of grace, ambidexterity, fitness, and poise.   It is here that Leonardo emphasizes for us to be healthy.   He warns against anger, and tells us to avoid grievous moods, to rest our head and keep our minds cheerful, to be covered well at night, exercise moderately, eat simple and chew well.   When we are fit, we are at our full potential to be creative.   Also, it is important that we develop not only one side of our body, but both.   In painting, it may be a useful exercise to try to paint with the other, less dominant hand.ConnessioneConnessione is a recognition of and appreciation for the interconnectedness of all things and phenomena.   It emphasizes a systems way of thinking.   A number of scholars have criticized Leonardo for the disorder of his notebooks because he scrawled notes in a random fashion.   But Mi chael Gelb believes that Leonardo's sense of connectedness was so all embracing that his observations were equally valid however they were related to one another.   He saw how everything connected to everything else.I believe this was part of his creativity.   He did not let himself be limited to any rule or order in writing his notes, so he was free to jot down his ideas without anything to hinder him.ReferencesGelb, M. (1998).   How to think like Leonardo Da Vinci:   Seven steps to genius every day.   DellPublishing.

External causes for Enron to collapse Essay

1) Deregulation Deregulation of the U.S. energy industry made possible Enron’s emergence as a major corporation, but also ultimately may have contributed to its collapse. The company successfully seized the opportunity created by deregulation to create a new business as a market maker in natural gas and other commodities. Enron successfully influenced policymakers to exempt the company from various regulatory rules, for example in the field of energy derivatives. This allowed Enron to enter various trading markets with virtually no government oversight. Arguably, regulation might have prevented Enron from taking some of the risks and making some of the mistakes which it did. While deregulation may initially have helped Enron, by allowing it to create and enter new markets, it later hurt the company by removing the very restraints that might have kept it from becoming fatally overextended. 2) Lax regulatory enforcement Arguably, government regulatory agencies failed to exercise sufficient oversight or to enforce the rules that were on the books. Regulatory bodies that failed to enforce the rules governing Enron’s actions included the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), and the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFEC). 3) Weak and ambiguous accounting standards Hindsight makes it fairly clear that the accounting standards promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) were too weak and too ambiguous with respect to the complex trading transactions and financial structures that Enron established and operated. Two areas stand out as ones of particular concern. First, the rules apparently permitted the widespread use of market-to-market (MTM) accounting in areas for which it was not originally intended. Second, the 3 percent rule for outside ownership of SPEs was arguably too low to maintain genuine independence. An underlying issue was that corporate practice (e.g., sophisticated online trading of complex financial derivatives) had outpaced the work of the rules makers,  leading to the application of rules in situations for which they were not originally designed. 4) A lack of independence on the part of the company’s auditors and law firms working for the company A key external issue was conflict of interest on the part of accounting and law firms working for Enron. Arthur Andersen, the company’s accounting firm, arguably had a conflict of interest in that Arthur Andersen provided both external audit services and internal consulting for Enron. If Arthur Andersen were to challenge the propriety of Enron’s financial statements in its annual audit, it ran the risk of jeopardizing its lucrative consulting and â€Å"inside† accounting work for its client. Moreover, relations between the two firms were unusually close, possibly undermining Arthur Andersen’s objectivity and independence. Similarly, Vinson & Elkins, Enron’s outside law firm, was seemingly under pressure not to question the legality of the Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) too closely, since Enron was a major client of the firm. 5) Inadequate campaign finance and lobbyist rules. Enron made extensive legal use of various techniques of political influence, including engaging the services of lobbyists, making extensive contributions to political campaigns, particularly using soft money, and hiring former government officials. One of the external causes, then, may have been campaign finance and other rules that permitted such legal exercise of corporate influence in policymaking. 6) Weak stakeholder oversight. A case can be made that external stakeholders–especially large institutional investors such as pension and mutual funds–failed to exercise due diligence. These institutional investors were happy to make handsome returns on their extensive investments in Enron in the late 1990s, but failed to become actively involved in corporate governance at the company until it was  too late.

The Chrysalids by John Wyndham

The Chrysalids by John Wyndham Free Online Research Papers The title â€Å"The Chrysalids† signifies that it is a novel about change. The word â€Å"chrysalid† is related to the word â€Å"chrysalis†, which means â€Å"the form which butterflies, moths, and most other insects assume when they change from the state of larva or caterpillar and before they arrive at their winged or perfect state†. Or in simpler terms, it is the state where the caterpillar does most, if not all, of its change into a butterfly. Change can happen anywhere, whether it be in a physical form, such as the caterpillar turning into a butterfly, or evolution of entire species; a mental state, for instance a deeper comprehension of an emotion, or an education towards acceptance and understanding; or in a social environment, for example the abolishment of slavery and the non-discriminatory laws. Change is almost inevitable, fore it is the driving force of life. With out change life could not adapt to its surroundings and survive. If change were to stop, then life would become meaningless. The Earth would be the same if there was life with no change, than if there was no life at all. Generally when people ponder about the notion change, they think about a process where a thing transforms into a better version of itself. While change is usually associated with evolution, it can sometimes be the complete opposite. Change can happen for the worse, though it is seldom seen. With life comes change, and though in The Chrysalids some change is not for the better, character, environment and the community all slowly develop into something else. David changes a lot throughout the novel The Chrysalids. Many things in his life have shaped him, but the most significant is Sophie and the many promises he made as a young boy. The caterpillar stage for David is when he was a young boy. He goes into his chrysalis when he meets Sophie since that is the day his mind begins to change. Sophie was David’s best friend, and he soon found out that she was in fact a mutant because of her miniscule sixth toe. David, being a young boy, did not think much of the mutation. Although David was raised to believe that mutants were a frightful thing, he thought that â€Å"there was nothing frightful about Sophie† (pg. 14) because he got to know Sophie before he knew about the mutation. He thought that if Sophie, â€Å"an ordinary girl† (pg. 14), were to be â€Å"hateful in the sight of God† (pg. 13) than â€Å"there must be a mistake somewhere† (pg. 14) in his religion. Sophie’s mother made David pr omise not to tell anyone about Sophie’s sixth toe. Sophie’s mother said that if anybody were to find out about Sophie â€Å"they’d be terribly unkind to her† (pg. 12). David knew that they would be unkind to her because of her sixth toe, but he did not comprehend why so many people would hate such a little toe, and how such a little toe can cause so much anxiety. When he was a little older he found out that he was also â€Å"abnormal† because of his telepathic powers. Once while sending thought shapes he was caught by his uncle, Axel, and was asked what he was doing. David briefly explained what he was doing and the whole concept of thought shapes. Luckily, Uncle Axel was David’s friend and was unsure of the image of man. Uncle Axel, knowing the kind of society he and David live in, makes David promise not to tell anyone else about his gift. Uncle Axel says to David: Just after that promise, uncle Axel makes David promise that he will â€Å"never do it out loud anymore†(pg. 31) so that the risk of being caught is reduced. Through these promises to Sophie’s mother and Uncle Axel, David becomes aware that he is different and as he grows from a boy into a man, he realizes that he must hide his thought shapes from society so that he can survive. He knows that not all deviations are harmful, like his society would want him to believe. His thoughts about his society have never been the same after the promises. In his chrysalis, David spoke with his uncle Axel about the places beyond his town. Uncle Axel was a sailor, so he tells David of all the strange stories he heard from other sailors. Strange stories of lands where women do all the work and eat the men when they are 24 years old, places where heads of corn grow taller than small trees, where very strange plants grow that could not be classified as anything normal. David learns about people on other lands who think they are the true image of man and persecute and kill anyone who is different. These stories about the people in far off lands from Uncle Axel show David that everyone has their own image, and no one knows for sure if their definition is correct. It teaches David to question things that people tell him, rather than just accept them. It also teaches David that even though a group of people want you to believe something, like the true image of man, it does not make it true. This shows David that he could actually be the true image. Near the end of the novel, David is ready to emerge from his chrysalis as a man whose hardships has changed him into an entirely new person. While change is happening in David’s life, Waknuk, the main town in the book, is changing environmentally. Waknuk is town that is run by its religion. It wants to â€Å"keep pure the stock of the Lord† (pg. 18), so they actively root out differences in plants and animals, which are called deviations, and destroy them. Abnormalities in humans are labelled abominations and are also punished by sterilization and banishment. Many of the residents of Labrador believe that God sent Tribulation to kill the Old People because the Old People thought that they were superior to Him. Through hints in the book one can conclude that Labrador is actually the province of Labrador in Canada, the Old People they are referring to are us and tribulation was a nuclear holocaust that killed almost everything on the earth, the â€Å"tribulation† that was nearest to them was probably a nuclear bomb dropped somewhere in the centrals of this can be seen after the Hiroshima bomb. In Hiroshima, after the Atomic Bomb was dropped, babies around the area were being born with no hair or no finger nails. A nuclear bomb that is many times larger than the atomic bomb would give of many times more radiation and cause more severe mutation. A nuclear blast would turn land black because of the mass explosion. The places that glow at night are caused by the nuclear radiation given off by the explosion and the plutonium used in nuclear bombs. Nothing would grow because the radiation would either kill everything or make plants and animals sterile so they cannot reproduce. The fish in the sea would die because of radiation and water contamination. Another example of how the environment is changing is that David commented on how people think that Labrador used to be a cold place in the time of the Old People. David also said that â€Å"there are only two cold months in the year now† (pg. 39). Immense heat from nuclear blast would warm the environment. Climate change would probably follow because a giant nuclear blast would send smoke and gas into the atmosphere and the gases would act like a greenhouse and warm the earth. When David was talking with uncle Axel he said that: A nuclear bomb dropped somewhere in the central-eastern US would send radiation into the air, so a south-west wind would bring up the radiation and cause deviations. For the environment, the caterpillar stage was the time of the Old People. The chrysalis form was during the nuclear holocaust when the environment was rapidly changing. The environment finally emerged into a place that caused genetic mutations and was really unhealthy and unsafe to any life form, which is the complete opposite from when it began. One can say that the environment has fully emerged from its chrysalis, however, over time the environment will slowly return back to normal. So once the environment has emerged from its first chrysalis, it will spend some time as its current form then it will go into a second chrysalis. Inside the second chrysalis the environment will go through several changes that will reverse all the harm done to it. It will finally emerge out of the second chrysalis as a healthy envi ronment, the contrary of what it was like before the second chrysalis, but the same from before the first chrysalis. The environment has not changed for the better during its transformation, although it will undergo another alteration and change back into what it was before. The community of Labrador is also changing, but not in a physical sense. The views of the community are changing. The views that used to be a conservative, very religious and one-sided, the side of the church, type of thinking changed into republican, fore-profit, and half opened minded type of thinking. The great horses are a perfect example of this change. David’s father, Joseph Strorm, was appalled about the horses his neighbour had imported from the main city, Rigo. Joseph argued that while the horses can be used to bring in a higher profit by doing twice or thrice the work than regular horses and consume less feed than two regular horses, they should be killed because â€Å"a horse that size is not right† (pg. 37) and that â€Å"God never made horses the size of these† (pg. 36). He argues with the inspector, but says he cannot do anything because they are â€Å"government-approved† (pg. 36). During Joseph’s argument with the inspector, h e says: Another great example of the how the views of generations differ is that the government chooses to sterilize and banish abominations instead of killing them. While David was talking with Jacob, an elder around Waknuk, he found Jacob was raging about how the government is becoming less and less religious and more like trying to please everyone. Jacob was saying that a generation ago mutants were killed like other deviations. Not just killed, but burnt. David was shocked. David’s generation was brought up thinking that only â€Å"crops and stock† (pg. 88) were burnt, and mutants were sterilized and banished to the Fringes. Jacob saw nothing wrong with burning mutants because they were â€Å"not† human, they were deviants – and fire is the only way to â€Å"cleanse deviations† (pg. 88). While Jacob was raging he stated: David asked his uncle Axel about the sterilization and he responds: Jacob knows that the generation’s morals are changing. He referred to Ted Norbet, a person in Waknuk, and his crime of hiding ten animals that are deviations (the novel does not say which kind of animal) and â€Å"eating all but two before he was found out† (pg. 87). Jacob said that in his day, if anyone had done a thing like that, they would receive â€Å"a public shaming on a Sunday, a week worth of penances, and a tenth of all he had†¦ so you’d not find people doing that kind of thing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 87). Jacob is outraged that the community is changing and soon brings up another valid point about the child bearing laws. Jacob said to David that in Jacob’s father’s generation â€Å"a woman who bore a child that wasn’t in the image was whipped for it. If she bore three out of the image she was uncertified, outlawed, and sold.† (pg. 88). Jacob said that his father â€Å"reckoned there was a lot less trouble with mutant s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 88). Now the punishment for a woman who bears three deviational children is that her husband has a choice whether or not he will legally leave her. The generation’s views are changing mostly because the government wants to be re-elected. Satisfying as many people as possible is important when one is in politics. The government sterilizes and banishes mutants instead of killing them because killing a thing that looks nearly human looks like murder, and murder does not sit well with most people – so the government finds a compromise. Instead of killing the deviations, the government sterilizes them and banishes them to the Fringes, so the affect is the same: the mutants will not be able to reproduce and there will be no mutants within the Labradorean society. This compromise allows the government to receive votes from everyone. The same thing goes with the child bearing laws. The compromise for the women who bear three children is that they are not punished as harshly as before. This is so because the men who really love their wives will vote for the political party whose agenda is to reduce the punishment. Th e compromise lets the government allow a man the choice to legally leave his wife if three children are mutants, but also does not harm the wife; therefore the government receives votes from both sides. Most of the changes to the generation’s views are made by the government. The government’s caterpillar form was a very strict and religious one. While in its chrysalis it made these new laws that compromise certain points of view. Now, it emerges from its chrysalis as a transformed government. One that has new laws that do not punish as harshly and whose views are willing to allow things into society if they prove to be useful. The government has changed and developed into a government with altered values and views. Character, environment and community all slowly developed into something different in The Chrysalids. The Chrysalids has demonstrated that change is inevitable, and only through change can something survive. Every bit of change is necessary; fore if David did not change his thoughts towards his society, than he might have given his secret about his thought-shapes away and he could have been captured and killed. If the environment did not change than â€Å"tribulation†, the nuclear holocaust would have lasted forever. If the Labradorean government never changed its policies towards useful deviations, than it would not be able to survive because it would be re-elected. Change and transformation is the only for a thing to become a better version of itself. Change is what makes life worth living. If change were to stop, then life would become meaningless. Research Papers on The Chrysalids by John WyndhamThe Fifth Horseman19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtThe Project Managment Office SystemCapital PunishmentPETSTEL analysis of IndiaGenetic EngineeringCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

7 Steps to Stop Overthinking Everything in Your Life

7 Steps to Stop Overthinking Everything in Your Life You know you do it. It takes you half an hour to decide which sandwich to order at lunch. A week to decide what to do with your weekend. Years to decide in which direction you want to take your career. You tell yourself just to make a darn decision, but as soon as you do the chorus of doubts and second-guessing starts. If you want to make faster and better life decisions, it’s important to stop overthinking everything in your life. Here are 7 excellent strategies for how to clear your head.1. Zoom out and look at the big pictureBe a bit more mindful and start observing your thoughts from a distance. Rather than getting all caught up in the moment, observe your process and try to take the panic out of it. Simply noticing the restlessness of your mind without being swept away by that can help.2. Write it downIf you don’t have someone to talk your options through with, you can always talk them through with yourself- at least on paper. You’ll be able to organize (and see) your thought process and perhaps see the situation much more clearly.3. Stop thinking so muchSometimes designating â€Å"no-thinking times† is the way to go. If you have trouble sleeping, for example, limit yourself to not thinking about stressful things after 8 p.m. Or, you could schedule specific thinking time (say in 20 minute sections) and try to keep the hamster wheel still the rest of your day. When your time is up, move on to something more productive and try again in your next designated time slot.4.  Walk away for a momentIt’s really hard to concentrate on two things at once. Distract yourself from mental torture by doing literally anything else. Find an absorbing activity and use it as a cure-all for depressed or stressed moments.5. Be proactiveBreak a thought spiral by taking proactive steps towards getting something done. Pick one thing you can do now and focus on that. Do that one thing. And whenever you find yourself worrying endlessly about the f uture, take a break and repeat.6. Listen to and trust yourselfYour own opinion matters. Respect it. Trust yourself to make the right choice. And let go of the doubts.7. Know you can change your mindEven if you do make the â€Å"wrong† choice, don’t despair. It’s not worth gnashing your teeth over a decision when you’re really just worried you won’t choose correctly. Take away that fear by realizing that, no matter what happens, you can always change the wrong decision and correct things. No decisions are final. So no decisions require agonizing deliberation.

The effect French Revolution had on the main events in European Essay

The effect French Revolution had on the main events in European history in the 19th century - Essay Example Also, there was the rise of the capitalist bourgeois class that clashed with the aristocratic noble classes over political power. Though there was a new rising bourgeois class, France was still very much tied to old ways of politics: France in the eighteenth century still possessed a large measure of medievalism—a condition reflected in its diversified legal structure, in its powerful guilds, in its communes, in the church, in universities, and in the patriarchal family (Nisbet 157). These factors are tied to the overall effects of the revolution on France and all of Europe, those effects being a rise in individualism, patriotism, and nationalism. These ideas were trenchantly in opposition to the prevailing monarchies of the time that ruled over Europe at the time of the revolution. The French Revolution did not merely replace one set of rulers with another; it replaced an entire ideological system with another throughout the western world. As was mentioned, the causes of the revolution are very much tied together with the effects. The debt and poverty caused by the decisions of the monarchy were one of the chief concerns of the new bourgeois class: â€Å"a new a revolutionary class, the bourgeoisie, had risen in wealth and power during the eighteenth century, but had been denied political power and social recognition by the old ruling class of aristocrats and nobles† (Stromberg 88). This aspect has two main ideas behind it. First, the capitalists were financially hurt because of the decisions of the aristocracy. They were subject to the decisions of the aristocracy, as these decisions had a direct effect upon the economy of the country in which they functioned. To put it specifically, the decisions of the aristocracy had a direct effect on the capitalists ability to make money. Secondly, because the bourgeoisie

Economics USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics USA - Essay Example If markets are doing well in some part of the world it reflects in other parts of the world. Precisely if the market goes down it results in a ripple effect that brings down most of the markets in the world. It was believed that when a commodity was produced there would be demand for the product. But the whole scenario of the market changed upside down, markets crashing; unemployment was increasing, rise in inflation, prices were falling and eventually factories being closed. It was believed that markets correct themselves but it was proven wrong by the great depression. Maynard Keynes's theory hold good, according to his theory fall in investment spending might result in fall in consumption spending. US economy is the world's largest and powerful economy, a slight change in its markets would result in a ripple effect throughout the world markets. The US has proven itself as the land of opportunities for many people around the globe. Like many of the economies the US has seen the Booms and Busts of the markets that brought happiness in good times and sorrow in bad times. In 1920's the US went through the great depression and slowly and steadily markets stabilized and experts called this as the Business Cycle. In late 1990's due to the Bubble Burst the markets crashed and in consequent years it bounced back.

Cloud Computing Models Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cloud Computing Models - Research Paper Example As such, my analysis will be based on reading Addressing Export Control in the Age of Cloud Computing and recommending the best path for the company to take. Export Control in the United States plays a critical role in ensuring that the national interests and foreign policy regulations are adhered to. United States places restriction on the export of some software, items and technology. The Departments of Commerce, Defense, Interior, Energy and other US agencies control the flow of software out of United States. Cloud computing is a new and emerging concept. One of the most fascinating aspects of cloud computing is the autonomy it offers. Though it has been with us not for long, it is undisputable it has proven to be a major commercial and SME success catalyst and hopefully will continue for the next decades. Clouds are of particular interest not only with expanding tendency to outsource IT to cut on management overheads and to widen existing limited IT infrastructures, but even more notably, they reduce the entrance barrier for new players to deliver their respective goods and services to a wider market with minimal entry and exit costs and infrastructure. The lack of term or volume commitments, pay as you go pricing model, and unrestricted entry and exit seem to offer a license to behave impulsively. Tempting as it may be to shift deployment to the cloud, IT manager realize that their business depend on thoughtful planning (Lorna Uden, 2012). The key policy questions that the company is likely to face include privacy, jurisdiction, and security. The concept of jurisdiction is applicable where data originates from one location i.e. US and find itself in another location i.e. Europe. Because export control primarily concerns movement of data, then the question of whether the company will satisfy expose control regulations when it adopts the cloud need to be answered (Villasenor, 2011). The products

Selecting An Appropriate Method Of Intervention Social Work Essay

Selecting An Appropriate Method Of Intervention Social Work Essay Intervention is rarely defined. It originates from the Latin inter between and venire to come and means coming between Trevithick, 2005: 66. Interventions are at the heart of everyday social interactions and make inevitably make up a substantial majority of human behaviour and are made by those who desire and intend to influence some part of the world and the beings within it (Kennard et al. 1993:3). Social work interventions are purposeful actions we undertake as workers which are based on knowledge and understanding acquired, skills learnt and values adopted. Therefore, interventions are knowledge, skills, understanding and values in action. Intervention may focus on individuals, families, communities, or groups and be in different forms depending on their purpose and whether directive or non-directive. Generally, interventions that are directive aim to purposefully change the course of events and can be highly influenced by agency policy and practice or by the practitioners perspective on how to move events forward. This may involve offering advice, providing information and suggestions about what to do, or how to behave and can be important and a professional requirement where immediate danger or risk is involved. In non-directive interventions the worker does not attempt to decide for people, or to lead, guide or persuade them to accept his/her specific conclusions (Coulshed and Orme, 1998: 216). Work is done in a way to enable individuals to decide for themselves and involves helping people to problem solve or talk about their thoughts, feelings and the different courses of action they may take (Lishman, 1994). Counselling skills can be beneficial or important in this regard (Thompson 2000b). Work with service users can therefore involve both directive and non-directive elements and both types have advantages and disadvantages (Mayo, 1994). Behaviourist, cognitive and psychosocial approaches tend to be directive but this depends on perspective adopted and the practitioners character. In contrast, community work is generally non-directive and person-centred. Interventions have different time periods and levels of intensity which are dependent on several factors such as setting where the work is located, problem presented, individuals involved and agency policy and practice. Several practice approaches have a time limited factor such as task-centred work, crisis intervention and some behavioural approaches and are often preferred by agencies for this reason. In addition, practice approaches that are designed to be used for a considerable time such as psychosocial are often geared towards more planned short-term, time limited and focused work (Fanger 1995). Although negotiation should take place with service users to ensure their needs and expectations are taken into account, it is not common practice for practitioners to offer choice on whether they would prefer a directive or non-directive approach or the practice approach adopted (Lishman, 1994). However, this lack of choice is now being recognised and addressed with the involvement of service users and others in the decision-making process in relation to agency policy, practice and service delivery (Barton, 2002; Croft and Beresford, 2000). The purpose and use of different interventions is contentious. Payne (1996: 43) argues that the term intervention is oppressive as it indicates the moral and political authority of the social worker. This concern is also shared by others with Langan and Lee (1989:83) describing the potentially invasive nature of interventions and how they can be used to control others. Jones suggests that in relation to power differences and the attitude of social workers especially with regards to people living in poverty: the working class poor have been generally antagonistic toward social work intervention and have rejected social works downward gaze and highly interventionist and moralistic approach to their poverty and associated difficulties (Jones, 2002a: 12). It is recognised that intervention can be oppressive, delivered with no clear purpose or in-depth experience however, some seek and find interventions that are empathic, caring and non-judgemental due to practitioners demonstrating rele vant experience and show appropriate knowledge (Lishman, 1994:14). For many practitioners, these attributes are essential in any intervention and are demonstrated through commitment, concern and respect for others which are qualities that are valued by service users (Cheetham et al. 1992; Wilson, 2000). Dependent on the nature of help sought there are different opinions on whether interventions should be targeted on personal change or wider societal, environmental or political change. Some may want assistance in accessing a particular service or other forms of help and not embrace interventions that may take them in a particular direction i.e. social action (Payne et al. 2002). In contrast, problems may recur or become worse if no collective action is taken. Importance has reduced in relation to methods of intervention over recent years as social work agencies have given more focus to assessment and immediate or short-term solutions (Howe, 1996; Lymbery 2001). This is strengthened by the reactive nature of service provision which is more concerned with practical results than with theories and principles. This has a reduced effect on workers knowledge of a range of methods resulting in workers using a preferred method which is not evidenced in their practice (Thompson, 2000). Methods of intervention should be the basis of ongoing intervention with service users, but often lacks structured planning and is reactive to crisis. This reactive response with emphasis on assessment frameworks is concerning, as workers are still managing high caseloads and if not supervised and supported appropriately, workers are at risk of stress and eventual burn-out (Jones, 2001; Charles and Butler, 2004). Effective use of methods of intervention allows work to be planned, structured and prioritised depending on service users needs. Methods can be complicated as they are underpinned by a wide range of skills and influenced by the approach of the worker. Most methods tend to follow similar processes of application: assessment, planning of goals, implementation, termination, evaluation and review. Although the process of some methods is completed in three/four interactions others take longer. This difference shows how some methods place more or less importance on factors such as personality or society, which then informs the type of intervention required to resolve issues in the service users situation (Watson and West, 2006). More than one method can be used in conjunction with another, depending on how comprehensive work with service users needs to be (Milner and OByrne, 1998). However, each method has different assessment and an implementation process which looks for different types of information about the service users situation for example, task centred looks for causes and solutions in the present situation and psychosocial explores past experiences. Additionally, the method of assessment may require that at least two assessments be undertaken: the first to explore the necessity of involvement and secondly, to negotiate the method of intervention with the service user. An effective assessment framework that is flexible and has various options is beneficial but should not awkward or time consuming to either the worker or the service user. As Dalrymple and Burke (1995) suggest, a biography framework is an ideal way as it enables service users to locate present issues in the context of their life both past and present. Workers should aim to practice in a way which is empowering and the process of information gathering should attempt to fit into the exchange model of assessment, irrespective of the method of intervention and should be the basis of a working relationship which moves towards partnership (Watson and West, 2006). As part of the engagement and assessment process, the worker needs to negotiate with the service user to understand the issue(s) that need to be addressed and method(s) employed and take into account not only the nature of the problem but also the urgency and potential consequences of not intervening (Doel and Marsh, 1992). Importance should be placed on presenting and underlying issues early in the assessment process as it enables the worker to look at an assessment framework and approach that assists short or long-term methods of intervention. An inclusive and holistic assessment enables the service user to have a direct influence on the method of intervention selected and be at the heart of the process. The process of assessment must be shared with and understood by the service user for any method of intervention to be successful (Watson and West, 2006). The workers approach also has an influence on method selection as this will affect how they perceive and adapt to specific situations. The implementation of methods is affected by both the values of the method and value base of the individual worker. The worker will also influence how the method is applied in practice through implementation, evaluation, perceived expertise and attitude to empowerment and partnership. Methods such as task centred are seen to be empowering with ethnic minority and other oppressed groups as service users are seen to be able to define their own problems (Ahmad, 1990). However, when an approach is used which is worker or agency focused the service user may not be fully enabled to define the problem and results in informing but not engaging them in determining priorities. Empowerment and partnership involves sharing and involving service users in method selection, application of the method, allocation of tasks, responsibilities, evaluation and review and is crucial in enabling facing challenges in their situations and lives. However, service users can have difficulty with this level of information-sharing and may prefer that the worker take the lead role rather than negotiating something different and not wish to acquire new skills to have full advantage of the partnership offered. Selecting a method of intervention should not be a technical process of information gathering and a tick box process to achieve a desired outcome. Milner and OByrne (2002) suggest it requires combining various components such as analysis and understanding of the service user, worker and the mandate of the agency providing the service otherwise intervention could be is restrictive and limit available options. However, negotiation and the competing demands of all involved parties must be considered and the basis of anti-oppresive practice established. Methods of intervention can be a complex and demanding activity especially in terms of time and energy and therefore, short-term term methods are seen as less intensive and demanding of the worker as well as more successful in practice. However, Watson and West (2006: 62) see this as a misconception, as the popular more short-term methods often make extensive demands on the workers time and energy. Workers are often dealing with uncertainty as each service user have different capabilities, levels of confidence and support networks. Therefore, there is no one ideal method for any given situation but a range of methods that have both advantages and disadvantages and as Trethivick (2005: 1) suggests workers need to have a toolkit to begin to understand people and need to widen the range of options available in order for them to respond flexibly and appropriately to each new situation (Parker and Bradley, 2003). When using methods of intervention, workers have to be organised to ensure that the task is proactively carried out and often attempt to prioritise involvement with service users against both local and national contexts and provide an appropriate level of service within managerial constraints. This prioritisation means in practice that, given the extensive demands, work using methods can only be with four or five service users at any one time and with the additional pressure of monitoring and supervising service users and reports, risk response is often responsive and crisis driven (Watson and West, 2006). To work in an empowering and anti-oppressive perspective is to ensure that intervention focuses clearly on the needs of the service user, is appropriate to the situation than the needs of the service. An understanding of these competing demands and the workers ability to influence decision-making processes does impact on method selection however, this should not mean that the service is diluted and methods be partially implemented as this is not conducive to managerial or professional agendas on good practice. Thompson (2000:43) sees this as the set of common patterns, assumptions, values and norms that become established within an organisation over time and a concern of workers is competitive workplace cultures where ability is based on the number of cases managed rather than the quality that is provided to service users which may result in use of less time-consuming methods. For work to be effective, an ethical and a professional not just a bureaucratic response to pressures faced is required and is not about the service user fitting into the worker or agencys preferred way of working but looking at what is best for the service user and finding creative ways to make this happen. Workers need to be careful not to seen as the expert who will resolve the situation as even the most established and experienced practitioners have skills gaps and often develop skills when working with the service users. This process of learning in practice requires good support and supervision, enabling the worker to reflect on assumptions about service users and their capabilities especially in relation to gender, race, age or disability to prevent internalised bias to impact on what the service user requires to work on to change the situation (Watson and West, 2006). It is crucial to appreciate the situation from the service users perspective and see them as unique individuals as Taylor and Devine (1993: 4) state the clients perception of the situation has to be the basis of effective social work. This concern is also shared by Howe (1987:3) describing the clients perception is an integral part of the practice of social work. Service users often have their own assumptions about what social work is and what workers are able to provide which is generally based on past relationships and experiences for example, black service users experience may reflect a service which in the past was not appropriate to their needs (Milner and Byrne, 1998: 23) but to alleviate this practitioners need to work in an open, honest and empowering manner and recognise that although service users may be in negative situations they also have strengths and skills that need to be utilised in the social work relationship. Workers should ensure that written agreements are developed that acknowledge all participants roles and responsibilities and avoid assumptions or issues (Lishman, 1994), this avoids breakdown in trust and encourages honesty and open shared responsibility between service user and worker. This involves negotiation on what should be achieved, by whom, including agency input. Agreements can provide the potential for empowering practice that involves partnership. However, cognisance has to be taken to ensure that the agreement does not become a set of non-negotiated tasks that service users have no possibility of achieving, combined with no reciprocal commitment or obligations by the worker as this does not address the issue of empowerment or oppression and can reinforce the power difference (Rojek and Collins, 1988). The final stage of the process is termination which should be planned and allow both parties time and opportunity to prepare for the future however, it has to be carefully and sensitively constructed and is much easier to achieve if the work has been methodical with clear goals as it demonstrates what has been achieved. Evaluation is beneficial as it enables the service user and worker to be reminded of timescales and can acknowledge the service users increasing skills, empowerment, confidence and self-esteem which can be utilised after the intervention has ended. Endings can however, be difficult for both the worker and service user resulting from various factors such as complexity of service users situation, issues of dependency and lack of clarity about purpose and intervention. This lack of clarity can result in a situation of uncertainty for both worker and service user (Watson and West, 2006). Finally, termination as part of the change process creates opportunities but also fea r, anxiety and loss (Coulshed and Orme, 1998). It is important for workers to take a step back and reflect on their practice and review their experiences to ensure that they are providing the best possible service in the most ethical and effective manner. Reflective practice provides support and enables workers to not just meet the needs of the organisation but also develop their own knowledge and skills and increased understanding of their own approach and the situation experienced by service users. A good tool to facilitate this is the use of reflective diaries. Reflecting in action and on action both influences and enhances current and future practice. The use of effective supervision is another process where workload management, forum for learning and problem-solving should take place which should be supportive and enabling to the worker (Kadushin and Harkness, 2002). However, the workers role in supervision is often viewed as passive as the supervisor sets the agenda. This can lead to disempowerment of the worker in relation to the agency and is potentially oppressive and discriminatory and provides a poor role model for work with service users and therefore consideration must be given on how they can create a positive and empowering relationship (Thompson, 2002). In conclusion, good practice requires workers to have knowledge to understand the person in situation, (Hollis, 1972) understanding both sociological (society and community) and psychological (personality and life span) and the interrelation and impact on the service user (Howe, 1987). A critical skill for effective and ethical practice is empowerment which is based on knowledge and values and is the difference between informing and genuine partnership and the importance of active participation of service users throughout the process. Social work is a value based activity and workers through reflection and supervision can all learn from experiences, adapt and enhance these to develop practice and gain self-awareness to understand how they themselves and their approach impacts on service users.